Entry_ID: (required) Entry_Title: Monthly average polar sea-ice concentration Group: Data_Set_Citation Originator(s): Schweitzer, Peter N. Title: Monthly average polar sea-ice concentration Publication: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series Publication_Date: 1995 Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Edition: 1 Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image URL: End_Group Keyword: Oceanography Keyword: Sea-Ice Concentration Keyword: Present Group: Temporal_Coverage Start_date: 19781025 Stop_date: 19911231 End_Group Data_Set_Progress: Complete Group: Spatial_Coverage Southernmost_Latitude: -90.0 Northernmost_Latitude: 90.0 Westernmost_Longitude: -180.0 Easternmost_Longitude: 180.0 End_Group Location: Arctic Ocean Location: Southern Ocean Group: Data_Resolution Latitude_Resolution: 25000 Longitude_Resolution: 25000 End_Group Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: none Originating_Center: (required) Group: Data_Center Data_Center_Name: Global Change and Climate History Program Dataset_ID: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS-27 Group: Data_Center_Contact Last_name: Schweitzer First_name: Peter Middle_name: N. Email: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Phone: (703) 648-6533 Group: Address Mail Stop 918 National Center U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192 USA End_Group End_Group End_Group Storage_Medium: This data set is provided on a single CD-ROM in ISO 9660 format with Macintosh-compatible HFS directory information as well. The data set was developed on a Data General AViiON computer system running DG/UX version 5.4R3.10 (UNIX); additional software products provided on the CD-ROM were developed on a Macintosh IIci and on an IBM-compatible personal computer made by ZEOS, Inc., running an Intel 80486 DX microprocessor. Group: Distribution Distribution_Media: online Distribution_Format : HDF Fees: none End_Group Group: Distribution Distribution_Media: online Distribution_Format : BIL Distribution_Size: 51 megabytes Fees: none End_Group Group: Multimedia_Sample URL: Format: GIF Group: Description Average February Northern Hemisphere sea-ice concentration plotted on a polar stereographic projection of the North Pole End_Group End_Group Group: Multimedia_Sample URL: Format: GIF Group: Description Average February Southern Hemisphere sea-ice concentration plotted on a polar stereographic projection of the South Pole End_Group End_Group Group: Multimedia_Sample URL: Format: PICT2 Group: Description Average February Northern Hemisphere sea-ice concentration plotted on a polar stereographic projection of the North Pole End_Group End_Group Group: Multimedia_Sample URL: Format: PICT2 Group: Description Average February Southern Hemisphere sea-ice concentration plotted on a polar stereographic projection of the South Pole End_Group End_Group Group: Reference Citation_Information: Originator: Peter N. Schweitzer Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Modern Average Global Sea-Surface Temperature Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series Issue_Identification: DDS-10 Other_Citation_Details: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number 93-9075 Online_Linkage: Online_Linkage: End_Group Group: Summary The purpose of this data set is to provide paleoclimate researchers with a tool for estimating the average seasonal variation in sea-ice concentration in the modern polar oceans and for estimating the modern monthly sea-ice concentration at any given polar oceanic location. It is expected that these data will be compared with paleoclimate data derived from geological proxy measures such as faunal census analyses and stable-isotope analyses. The results can then be used to constrain general circulation models of climate change. This data set represents the results of calculations carried out on sea-ice-concentration data from the SMMR and SSM/I instruments. The original data were obtained from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The data set also contains the source code of the programs that made the calculations. The objective was to derive monthly averages for the whole 13.25-year series (1978-1991) and to derive a composite series of monthly averages representing the variation of an average year. The resulting file set contains monthly images for each of the polar regions for each year, yielding 160 files for each pole, and composite monthly averages in which the years are combined, yielding 12 more files. Averaging the images in this way tends to reduce the number of grid cells that lack valid data; the composite averages are designed to suppress interannual variability. Also included in the data set are programs that can retrieve seasonal ice-concentration profiles at user-specified locations. These nongraphical data retrieval programs are provided in versions for UNIX, extended DOS, and Macintosh computers. Graphical browse utilities are included for the same computing platforms but require more sophisticated display systems. The data contained in this data set are derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager (SSM/I) data produced by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at the University of Colorado in cooperation with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The basic data come from satellites of the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. NSIDC distributes three collections of sea- ice-concentration grids on CD-ROM: data from the Nimbus-7 SMMR (October 25, 1978 through August 20, 1987) are provided on volume 7 of the SMMR Polar Data series (NASA, 1992); data from the SSM/I are provided on two separate volumes, covering the periods from July 9 of 1987 to December 31 of 1989, and from January 1 of 1990 through December 31 of 1991, respectively. The NASATEAM data from revision 2 of the SSM/I CD-ROM's were used to create the present data set. SMMR images were collected every 2 to 3 days, whereas SSM/I data are provided in daily ice-concentration grids. Apart from a number of small gaps (5 or fewer days) in the record, the only long period for which no data are available is December 3 of 1987 through January 12 of 1988, inclusive. As ancillary data, the ETOPO5 global gridded elevation and bathymetry data (Edwards, 1989) were interpolated to the resolution of the NSIDC data; the interpolated topographic data are included. The images are provided in three formats: Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), a flexible scientific data format developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications; Graphics Interchange Format (GIF); and Macintosh PICT format. The ice- concentration grids are distributed by NSIDC in HDF format. End_Group Group: Related_URL URL_Type: URL: Group: Description Originator: Peter N. Schweitzer Publication_Date: 1993 Title: Modern Average Global Sea-Surface Temperature Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote-sensing image Series_Information: Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series Issue_Identification: DDS-10 Other_Citation_Details: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number 93-9075 Online_Linkage: Online_Linkage: End_Group End_Group Group: DIF_Author Last_name: Schweitzer First_name: Peter Middle_name: N. Email: pschweitzer@usgs.gov Phone: (703) 648-6533 Group: Address Mail Stop 918 National Center U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192 USA End_Group End_Group DIF_Revision_Date: 19950831 Science_Review_Date: