Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Paula J. Helm
Originator: Carol S. Breed
Originator: Richard Tigges
Originator: Patricia A. Garcia
Publication_Date: 1995
Title:
Geometeorological data collected by the USGS Desert Winds
Project at Gold Spring, Great Basin Desert, northeastern
Arizona, 1979 - 1992
Edition: 1
Series_Information:
Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 95-78
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Flagstaff, Arizona
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage:
Online_Linkage:
Description:
Abstract:
This data set contains meteorological data files pertaining to
the Gold Spring Geomet research site. Documentation files and
data-accessing display software are also included. The
meteorological data are wind speed, peak gust, wind direction,
precipitation, air temperature, soil temperature, barometric
pressure, and humidity. Data from the monitoring station are
voluminous; 14 observations from each station are made as
often as ten times per hour, totalling more than a million
observations per station per year.
Purpose:
The primary purpose of this data set is to provide high
resolution meteorological data and related surface geological
and vegetation data for natural (e.g., uncultivated) desert
sites where wind is or has been a major erosive or
depositional force. The objectives are twofold: (1) to
provide the detailed field measurements needed to carry out
quantitative studies of wind as an agent of surface geologic
change; and (2) to establish a baseline for defining the "
normal" range of climatic conditions that can be expected to
occur on a decadal time scale, in areas considered
representative of the major American deserts. The Gold Spring
locality was selected to represent that part of the Great
Basin Desert that extends into northeastern Arizona. The long-
term goal for acquiring and analyzing the Desert Winds Project
data is to use them to address problems of land resource
degradation by wind, whether resulting from climatic
variation (aridification) or human activities
(desertification), or both.
Supplemental_Information:
Beginning in 1979, the USGS has been monitoring meteorological
and surface processes in several desert areas of the
Southwestern United States. These sophisticated monitoring
stations combine observations of local weather and soil
conditions, reporting as often as every six minutes, to
provide a comprehensive, detailed, long-term understanding of
the processes affecting climate change in arid regions.
Because they combine geological and meteorological
observations, the monitoring stations have been called "
GEOMET" stations. Five such stations have been installed and
maintained, as indicated in the following table:
>Station State Latitude Longitude Open
>---------------------------------------------------------
>Gold Spring Arizona 35.779167 -111.05500 791027
>Desert Wells Arizona 33.702778 -113.81111 810109
>Yuma 1 Arizona 32.530556 -114.51250 820208
>Yuma 2 Arizona 32.530556 -114.51250 880521
>Owens Lake California 36.355000 -117.94444 920519
>Jornada New Mexico 32.575000 -106.78750 860918
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 19791027
Ending_Date: 19921231
Currentness_Reference:
The stations used by the Desert Winds project are designed to
provide field-based physical data of sufficient resolution to
support scientific studies of surface (mostly eolian)
processes under monitored climatic conditions. Because they
collect both geological and meteorological data, we refer to
them as Geomet stations. Located in remote areas, the stations
are automated and solar powered. They are unattended on a
daily basis, but they do require scheduled servicing and
repair: weekly cleaning and checking by a custodian and
periodic servicing (including calibration) and repair,
generally at 6-month intervals, by a skilled technician. At
1- or 2-hour intervals each station transmits digital
data from its array of sensors to the Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). From GOES, the
data are relayed to (and stored at) the receiving station of
the National Environmental Satellite Data Information Service
(NESDIS) at Wallops Island, Virginia; NESDIS is operated by the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. From Wallops
Island, the data are transmitted via land lines to the U.S.
Geological Survey computers at project headquarters in
Flagstaff, Arizona.
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.05500
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -111.05500
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.779167
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.779167
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: Meteorology
Theme_Keyword: Wind speed
Theme_Keyword: Peak gust
Theme_Keyword: Wind direction
Theme_Keyword: Precipitation
Theme_Keyword: Air temperature
Theme_Keyword: Soil temperature
Theme_Keyword: Barometric pressure
Theme_Keyword: Humidity
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: Arizona
Place_Keyword: NE 1/4 of Section 4 T27N R12E
Temporal:
Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Temporal_Keyword: Present
Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints: none
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Patricia A. Garcia
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address:
Mail Stop 9580
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
City: Flagstaff
State_or_Province: AZ
Postal_Code: 86001
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (520) 556-7246
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (520) 556-7090
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pgarcia@iflag2.wr.usgs.gov
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
This data set is provided on a single CD-ROM in ISO 9660 format.
It was developed on a Sun SPARCstation 2 running SunOS 4.1.3 with
OpenWindows version 3 and Sun C 2.01.
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
Quantitative attribute accuracy assessments are based on the
nominal precision of the instruments used to measure the
meteorological parameters.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 5.5
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Degrees or 9.2% error in measured Wind Direction from
19791027 through 19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 2.5 to 5.0
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Wind Speed from 19791027 through
19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 2.5 to 5.0
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Peak Gust from 19791027 through
19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.01
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Error in inches of measured Precipitation from 19791027
through 19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 1 to 2
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Soil and Air Temperature from
19791027 through 19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 3 to 5
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Relative Humidity from 19791027
through 19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 1 to 1.4
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Barometric Pressure from 19791027
through 19900808.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 5
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Wind Direction from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 5
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Wind Speed from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 5
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Peak Gust from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.3
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Precipitation from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.2
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Degrees error in measured Air Temperature when true value
lies between 0 and 60 degrees C, from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.6
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Degrees C error in measured Air Temperature when true value
lies between -50 and 0 degrees C, from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 2
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Relative Humidity when true value
lies between 0 and 80%, from 19900809 through 19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.1
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Degrees C error in measured Soil Temperature when true value
lies between -20 and 50 degrees C, from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.6
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Degrees C error in measured Soil Temperature when true value
lies between -50 and -20 degrees C, from 19900809 through
19921231.
Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
Attribute_Accuracy_Value: 0.3
Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation:
Percent error in measured Barometric Pressure from 19900809
through 19921231.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
The deposition or erosion of the sand cover causes a change in
depth of the soil temperature probe over time. The table below
shows the dates when the probe was checked, at what depth it was
found, and the depth to which it was reset.
>date time event
>79300 0024 placed at 12.7 cm depth
>84046 1255 reset from depth of 30 cm to 12.7 cm
>88061 1331 reset from depth of 27.9 cm to 12.7 cm
>88089 1219 tip uncovered; reset to 12.7 cm depth
>88264 1207 tip uncovered; reset to 12.7 cm depth
>89081 1231 probe placed at new depth of 5 cm
>90235 1601 probe moved from a depth of 9 cm to 4 cm
>91164 1225 10cm depth sensor added to station
>91290 1225 20cm depth sensor added to station
The LaBarge Humidity sensor records numbers greater than 100
percent because of a sensor calibration error. Other instrument
changes from LaBarge sensors to Handar sensors are listed below:
>date time sensor refitted
>90221 0001 Barometric Pressure
>90221 0001 Precipitation
>90270 1631 Wind direction
>90221 1419 Wind speed, Peak gust (6.1 m)
>91052 1437 Air temperature (1.2 m)
>91052 1525 Humidity
If the station is down, precipitation is not recorded, and
therefore, not added to the cumulative total. If the station is
operating but transmissions are not received (missing), the
precipitation sensor is recording data at the site. Once the
tranmission problem is fixed and data are received, the cumulative
precipitation value recorded is correct (although day and time
associated with the rainfall is lost).
Completeness_Report:
Verification and correction of transmission errors and first-order
verification of some of the sensor values for accuracy and
reliability are performed as the data are processed each day.
However, the data have not been error-checked on a file-by-file
basis at this time. Also, because different sensor data are used
by different collaborators, some sensor data have not been
verified by the USGS staff of the Desert Winds Project. Please
contact the DWP personnel if any problems are encountered with
this data.
The following facts about the data should be noted:
Loss of data due to transmission errors. Occasionally, one or
more hours of data are not received because of transmission or
other problems (see techinfo.doc). Data are not interpolated to
fill these lost data slots, and the time interval is not included
in the data file. Therefore, some daily data files have less than
24 hours of data.
Barometric pressure. The elevation of the Gold Spring Geomet site
is relatively high (1667 m), and the LaBarge barometric pressure
sensor is not specifically calibrated for this site. The
following algorithm was used to convert Gold Spring barometric
pressure values to inches of mercury at 0 m elevation (sea level)
for the dates Oct 27, 1979 through Aug 8, 1990. BP = BP + 5.5138
The following table shows the dates and times when sensors were
inoperative or for some other reason not reporting data.
>beginning ending
>date time date time inoperative sensors
>79323 0000 79323 2359 all
>79300 0024 79333 1024 Humidity
>80118 0000 80119 2359 all
>80122 0000 80122 2359 all
>80170 0000 80176 2359 all
>80285 0000 80287 2359 all
>80108 0000 81108 2359 all
>81158 0000 81159 2359 all
>81171 0000 81171 2359 all
>81176 0731 81188 0825 all
>81197 0931 81239 1225 all
>83176 1331 83179 1525 all
>83359 0000 83362 2359 all
>83179 0001 83196 1231 Wind direction
>83363 0001 83365 2355 Wind direction
>84108 1231 84158 1125 all
>84001 0000 84005 2359 Wind direction
>85228 1131 85276 1155 all
>85312 0000 85322 2359 all
>85324 0000 85337 2359 all
>86313 0531 86324 1225 all
>86148 1443 86325 1225 Barometric pressure
>87270 0000 87270 2359 all
>89248 1819 89324 1525 Precipitation
>89355 1537 89365 2355 all
>90001 0001 90087 1201 all
>90270 1725 90365 2355 Humidity
>91361 0000 91362 2359 all
>91001 0001 91052 1519 Humidity
>92345 0000 92365 2359 Wind speed and peak gust
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The original Gold Spring station was installed in 1979.
This was a basic station, equipped with standard sensors
to record observations of a set of near-surface phenomena:
average and peak-gust wind speeds, wind direction,
precipitation, relative humidity, barometric pressure, air
temperature, and soil temperature.
Process_Date: 19791027
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The Gold Spring site was retrofitted to superstation
status in 1990. The superstation has a much larger and
more varied complement of sensors than the basic station.
The current Geomet station at Gold Spring consists of two
free-standing towers, a solar power system, a data-
collection platform (DCP) with a radio transmitter, and
nineteen sensors that provide twenty-two parameters.
Process_Date: 19900809
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Data collected from the automated sensors at each Geomet
site must be directed through a series of steps within the
DCP before becoming recognizable and usable for scientific
research. These steps are directed by a software program
within the DCP. Generally, one software "channel" for
each sensor controls the program actions required to
monitor it. However, for the wind-speed sensors, two
software channels are needed for each hardware sensor; one
channel monitors average wind speed while the other
monitors peak gusts. The user programs each channel by
specifying the monitoring schedule, the data-processing
algorithms, the location of the hardware sensor input to
be monitored, and the format in which the data are to be
transmitted. Once programmed, the DCP continuously
samples data from each sensor on the programmed schedule.
The original data signals are produced by the sensors in
various forms: some sensors produce analog voltages,
others vary a resistance, and still others produce
electrical pulses. Each signal is converted in real time
into digital form by interface circuit cards. Each
channel's data-processing algorithm then converts this
digital data into its final form (average, peak,
temperature, count). Lastly, the data are stored in the
DCP memory, where they remain until transmitted on the
GOES radio.
The GOES satellites are in geostationary orbit above the
Earth and are nominally stationed 23,000 miles (37,000 km)
above the equator. The two available for our use are GOES
East, at approximately long 75 deg. W., and GOES West, at
approximately long 135 deg. W. At present, the Gold
Spring Geomet station is assigned a channel and time slot
on GOES West.
Once an hour the DCP program collects Geomet data from
memory and formats them so that they can be transmitted in
pseudo-binary form, a compression code that enables
transmission within the time frame allotted by NESDIS.
Transmission to GOES is in the 401.7- to 402.0-Mhz band.
GOES West receives this signal and retransmits it as an
1694.5-MHz S-band signal to a receiving station at Wallops
Island, Virginia. At Wallops Island, the Data Collection
System Automatic Processing Subsystem sorts and stores the
data in user files. High-speed dedicated or low-speed
dial-up lines transfer the data to Desert Winds project
headquarters in Flagstaff, where software performs a
series of checks to document missing or erroneous data.
Finally, software converts the pseudo-binary code to
ASCII, separates it by station and time, formats, and
stores the data on disks and tapes for analysis by
scientists. Detailed coding of the data for quality,
changes in sensors, and gaps due to NESDIS or Geomet
station malfunctions is necessary to prepare the data for
publication.
Process_Date: 19791027
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Point
Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
SDTS_Terms_Description:
SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Entity point
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: GEOMET station data record
Entity_Type_Definition:
The set of all measurements reported from a GEOMET station
having the same temporal coordinate.
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: self-evident
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: wind speed at 6.1m
Attribute_Definition:
Velocity of the wind at the indicated height above the
ground at the station location.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
The anemometer consists of three cups mounted on a rotor
shaft that rotates on instrument-quality stainless steel
bearings. A magnet on the rotor shaft moves near a reed
switch (basic station) or a Hall Effect transducer
(superstation), which detects the field of the rotating
magnet. This detected field produces a pulse rate in
proportion to the wind velocity. A single anemometer is
mounted to the top of the DCP tower mast at the basic
station. Three anemometers are mounted on the wind tower
at each superstation, at 1.2, 2.7, and 6.1 m above the
ground.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 150
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: miles per hour
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 5
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy given is the maximum expected
deviation of the measured value from the true value,
expressed as a percentage of the true value.
Operations of the anemometers are checked each time
they are rebuilt. In 1993 we began calibration in a
wind tunnel, which produces a calibration constant for
each instrument. This constant is entered into the
DCP program upon installation of the instrument. When
placed on a tower in the field, anemometers are
considered to be working properly if the daily average
of anemometer readings at each of three heights plots
as a straight line on a log-height, linear average-
wind-speed graph. This field method, however, only
insures consistent operations between anemometers and
is not a true calibration against a known standard.
At present, anomalies in the wind-speed data are
common, and it is difficult to distinguish signal from
noise.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: wind speed at 2.7m and 1.2m
Attribute_Definition:
Velocity of the wind at the indicated height above the
ground at the station location.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
The anemometer consists of three cups mounted on a rotor
shaft that rotates on instrument-quality stainless steel
bearings. A magnet on the rotor shaft moves near a reed
switch (basic station) or a Hall Effect transducer
(superstation), which detects the field of the rotating
magnet. This detected field produces a pulse rate in
proportion to the wind velocity. A single anemometer is
mounted to the top of the DCP tower mast at the basic
station. Three anemometers are mounted on the wind tower
at each superstation, at 1.2, 2.7, and 6.1 m above the
ground.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 150
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -77
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -77 indicates a measurement that would
have been made had a sensor that was later added
to the station been installed at the time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: miles per hour
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19900809
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 5
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy given is the maximum expected
deviation of the measured value from the true value,
expressed as a percentage of the true value.
Operations of the anemometers are checked each time
they are rebuilt. In 1993 we began calibration in a
wind tunnel, which produces a calibration constant for
each instrument. This constant is entered into the
DCP program upon installation of the instrument. When
placed on a tower in the field, anemometers are
considered to be working properly if the daily average
of anemometer readings at each of three heights plots
as a straight line on a log-height, linear average-
wind-speed graph. This field method, however, only
insures consistent operations between anemometers and
is not a true calibration against a known standard.
At present, anomalies in the wind-speed data are
common, and it is difficult to distinguish signal from
noise.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: peak gust at 6.1m
Attribute_Definition:
Maximum value of wind speed at the given height attained
since the previous reported value.
Attribute_Definition_Source: surmise
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 150
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: miles per hour
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: peak gust at 1.2m
Attribute_Definition:
Maximum value of wind speed at the given height attained
since the previous reported value.
Attribute_Definition_Source: surmise
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 150
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -77
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -77 indicates a measurement that would
have been made had a sensor that was later added
to the station been installed at the time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: miles per hour
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19900809
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
6 minutes 19900809 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: wind direction
Attribute_Definition:
Direction from which the wind comes, with zero values
indicating true north and positive values indicating
angular distance from true north clockwise (i.e. 90
degrees is due east).
Attribute_Definition_Source:
This instrument is a heavy-duty aluminum and stainless
steel wind vane that is coupled to a precision micro-
torque potentiometer, which has low rotational torque.
The wire-wound potentiometer produces an output resistance
that varies in proportion to the wind direction. The wind
direction vane is mounted on the DCP tower at the top of
the 6.1-m mast.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 359.9
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 5.5
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
For measurements made from 19791027 through 19900808
the attribute value accuracy is given as within 5.5
degrees of the true value or 9.2 percent of the true
value, whichever is greater. For measurements made
from 19900809 through 19921231 the accuracy is 5
percent of the true value.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: precipitation
Attribute_Definition:
Cumulative yearly precipitation at the station site.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
The precipitation sensor is a funnel with a 20-cm-diameter
orifice to collect and direct rain to a tipping bucket
mechanism. The funnel and mechanism are housed in a metal
cylinder that is secured to a corner of the DCP tower,
1.8m above the ground. Coupled to the tipping bucket is a
magnetically activated reed switch, which momentarily
closes each time the bucket tips; 0.25 mm of collected
water causes the bucket to tip. The water drains out the
bottom of the gauge and a second bucket moves into
position to collect more water; the procedure is repeated
until no more is available for collection. Switch
closures are counted by an interface circuit in the DCP.
This hardware count is periodically added to a cumulative
count maintained by DCP software.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 99.9
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: inches
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 0.01
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy given indicates the maximum
expected deviation of the measured value from the true
value, in inches, for the basic station (installed
from 19791027 through 19900808). For the period
19900809 through 19921231, the maximum expected error
is 0.3 percent of the true value.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19900808
12 minutes 19900809 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: air temperature at 6.1m and at 1.2m
Attribute_Definition:
Temperature of ambient air at elevations 6.1 meters or 1.2
meters above the base of the station.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
The air temperature sensor is a solid-state precision
linear thermistor placed in a compact cylindrical
assembly. The resistance of the thermistor is inversely
proportional to the temperature. The resistance is
measured by a voltage divider circuit, and the result is
linearized by a look-up-table routine. A convection-
aspirated shield around the thermistor reduces the effect
of solar radiation on air temperature and protects the
thermistor from precipitation. This instrument is mounted
either to the DCP tower at the 1.8 m-level (for the basic
station), or to the wind tower at the 1.2- and 6.1-m
levels (for the superstation).
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: -50
Range_Domain_Maximum: 50
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -77
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -77 indicates a measurement that would
have been made had a sensor that was later added
to the station been installed at the time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Celsius
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19900809
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 0.6
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy is the maximum expected
error (in degrees C) in the measured value of air
temperature when the true value of air temperature
lies between -50 and 0 degrees C. When true air
temperature lies between 0 and 60 degrees C, the
maximum expected error is 0.2 degrees C.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency: 12 minutes
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: air temperature at 1.8m
Attribute_Definition:
Temperature of ambient air 1.8 meters above the base of
the station.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
same as for air temperature at 6.1m
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: -30
Range_Domain_Maximum: 70
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Celsius
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19900808
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 2
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy is the maximum expected
error (as a percentage of the true value) in the
measured value of air temperature.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19900808
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: humidity
Attribute_Definition:
Relative humidity of the ambient air near the station.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
Measurement of relative humidity requires a temperature
sensor combined with a humidity sensor.
The temperature-sensor part of this combined instrument is
the same as the air-temperature sensor described above.
The humidity sensor is a capacitor consisting of a
metallic grid deposited on a glass plate and covered by a
hygroscopic polymer film. The dielectric constant of the
polymer material increases with the amount of water
absorbed, such that capacitance depends on the relative
humidity. The basic response to changes in humidity is
rapid (approximately 1 second to reach 90 percent of the
final value). However, a filter that protects the sensor
from dust and physical damage slows the response to 20 to
30 seconds. The humidity-recording part of this sensor is
mounted next to the air-temperature thermistor, so that
both are sampling the same volume of air. The instrument
is mounted on the base of the DCP tower (basic station) or
at the 1.2-m level of the wind tower (superstation).
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 100
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 5
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy is the maximum expected
error (as a percentage of the true value) in the
measured value of relative humidity. This maximum
applies to values from 19791027 through 19900808.
For periods from 19900809 through 19921231, the
maximum expected error is 2 percent when the true
value is between 0 and 80.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19900808
1 hour, 19900809 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: barometric pressure
Attribute_Definition:
Pressure of the ambient air near the station.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
The barometric-pressure sensor is an aneroid barometer
that utilizes an evacuated bellows sensitive to changes in
absolute pressure. As pressure changes, motion of the
bellows moves a contact across a precision potentiometer,
producing an output resistance proportional to the
barometric pressure. Housed in a weather-proof container,
the barometer is mounted on the DCP tower base tripod.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 35
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: inches of mercury
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.001
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 1.4
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy is the maximum expected
error (as a percentage of the true value) in the
measured value of barometric pressure. This maximum
applies to values from 19791027 through 19900808.
For periods from 19900809 through 19921231, the
maximum expected error is 0.3 percent of the true
value.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19900808
1 hour, 19900809 through 19921231
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: soil temperature at 4cm, 10cm, and 20cm
Attribute_Definition:
Temperature of the soil at the depths indicated below the
station. From 19791027 through 19900808 the value
reported is soil temperature at 12.7cm (it is given in the
data files where the 10cm value is later stored).
Occasional problems with instrument disturbance affecting
the depth of these sensors are described in the data
quality report.
Attribute_Definition_Source:
This sensor is a precision linear thermistor housed in a
waterproof, stainless steel enclosure. The resistance of
the thermistor is inversely proportional to the soil
temperature. Resistance is measured by a voltage divider
circuit, and the result is linearized by a look-up-table
routine. The probes lie in the soil at depths of 4cm,
10cm, and 20 cm, and they are connected to the DCP by
weather- and animal-proof cables.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: -50
Range_Domain_Maximum: 70
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -99
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -99 indicates a measurement that was not
made because the sensor was not functioning
properly, the station was not functioning
properly, the sensor was not installed, or the
station was configured to record this measurement
at intervals other than that represented by the
current time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: -77
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
The value -77 indicates a measurement that would
have been made had a sensor that was later added
to the station been installed at the time.
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source:
Helm, P.J., Breed, C.S., Tigges, R., and Garcia,
P.A., 1995, Geometeorological data collected by
the USGS Desert Winds Project at Gold Spring,
Great Basin Desert, northeastern Arizona, 1979 -
1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
95-78. File docfiles/techinfo.doc.
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: degrees Celsius
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.01
Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19791027
Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 19921231
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
Attribute_Value_Accuracy: 2
Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation:
Attribute value accuracy is the maximum expected
error (as a percentage of the true value) in the
measured value of soil temperature. This maximum
applies to values obtained from 19791027 through
19900808.
For measurements between 19900809 and 19921231, the
maximum expected error (in degrees C) in the measured
value of soil temperature when the true value lies
between -50 and -20 degrees C is 0.6; when true air
temperature lies between -20 and 50 degrees C, the
maximum expected error is 0.1 degrees C.
Attribute_Measurement_Frequency:
30 minutes 19791027 through 19800424
6 minutes 19800425 through 19900808
1 hour, 19900809 through 19921231
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Peter N. Schweitzer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address:
Mail Stop 918 National Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
City: Reston
State_or_Province: VA
Postal_Code: 22092
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-6533
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov
Resource_Description:
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-78
Distribution_Liability
Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM have been
used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by
the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials or
the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall
not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed
by the USGS in the use of these data, software, or related
materials.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: binary
Format_Version_Number: 0
Format_Specification:
The binary format is provided to enable the data to be
stored and accessed on systems with smaller capacity,
and to speed retrieval of information from the files.
No files in the binary format are provided on the CD-
ROM. The binary file format is as follows:
The first four bytes of the data files are used as a
signature to identify the file format. Signature
bytes are interpreted as follows:
>byte 0: 'D' for "Desert"
>byte 1: 'W' for "Winds"
>byte 2: 'b' if the file is binary, 'a' if ASCII
>byte 3: format version number and byte ordering scheme:
If file is ASCII, version number is a numeral '0'
through '9'.
If file is binary, the high-order bit indicates the
byte ordering scheme of the data, and the rest of the
bits indicate the version number.
If the high-order bit is set, the data are MSB-
ordered ("big endian"); the high-order byte of a two-
byte word is stored in the low-order address. (e.g.
Macintosh, SUN)
If the high-order bit is clear, the data are LSB-
ordered ("little endian"); the low-order byte of a two-
byte word is stored in the low-order address. (e.g.
Intel, VAX)
The version indicator in the file format allows up to
ten varieties of files to be read and written by the
low-level data handling routines. Only version 0 is
presently supported.
Following the four-byte signature, the GEOMET station
location is given as degrees, minutes, and seconds
latitude encoded as two-byte two's complement binary
integers followed by degrees, minutes, and seconds
longitude encoded the same way.
Data records are fixed-length binary records each
containing 17 two-byte unsigned integers as follows:
>01. Year
>02. Day
>03. Minute of the day, i.e. hour times sixty plus minute
>04. Humidity times 100
>05. Precipitation times 100
>06. Barometric pressure times 1000
>07. Wind direction times 100
>08. Wind speed at 6.1m times 100
>09. Peak gust at 6.1m times 100
>10. Wind speed at 2.7m times 100
>11. Wind speed at 1.2m times 100
>12. Peak gust at 1.2m times 100
>13. Air temperature at 6.1m plus 50, times 100
>14. Air temperature at 1.2m plus 50, times 100
>15. Soil temperature at 4cm depth plus 50, times 100
>16. Soil temperature at 10cm depth plus 50, times 100
>17. Soil temperature at 20cm depth plus 50, times 100
Note that if the byte ordering indicated by the file
signature is little-endian, all of the two-byte
quantities will be encoded least-significant byte
first, but if the byte ordering is big-endian, the two-
byte quantities will be encoded most-significant byte
first.
Format_Information_Content:
Daily records of Gold Spring GEOMET station data from
19791027 through 19921231
Transfer_Size: 38 megabytes
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name:
http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/deserts/OFR_95-78/Derived/html/gold_spring.html
Network_Resource_Name:
ftp://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/deserts/
Online_Computer_and_Operating_System:
Data General AViiON 6220 system running DG/UX
version 5.4.2R01 (UNIX)
Fees: none
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Patricia A. Garcia
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address:
Mail Stop 9580
U.S. Geological Survey
2255 N. Gemini Drive
City: Flagstaff
State_or_Province: AZ
Postal_Code: 86001
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (520) 556-7246
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (520) 556-7090
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pgarcia@iflag2.wr.usgs.gov
Resource_Description:
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-78
Distribution_Liability
Although all data and software published on this CD-ROM have been
used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by
the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials or
the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall
not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed
by the USGS in the use of these data, software, or related
materials.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: ASCII
Format_Version_Number: 0
Format_Specification:
The GEOMET data supplied on the CD-ROM are provided in
daily files ASCII with a carriage return and line feed
at the end of each line. The first row in the data
file contains a four letter code used by the
extraction software; it indicates the encoding and
format version of the file. The second row contains
the latitude and longitude for the GEOMET site.
Subsequent rows contain the data values.
The first four bytes of the data files are used as a
signature to identify the file format. Signature
bytes are interpreted as follows:
>byte 0: 'D' for "Desert"
>byte 1: 'W' for "Winds"
>byte 2: 'b' if the file is binary, 'a' if ASCII
>byte 3: format version number and byte ordering scheme:
If file is ASCII, version number is a numeral '0'
through '9'.
If file is binary, the high-order bit indicates the
byte ordering scheme of the data, and the rest of the
bits indicate the version number.
If the high-order bit is set, the data are MSB-
ordered ("big endian"); the high-order byte of a two-
byte word is stored in the low-order address. (e.g.
Macintosh, SUN)
If the high-order bit is clear, the data are LSB-
ordered ("little endian"); the low-order byte of a two-
byte word is stored in the low-order address. (e.g.
Intel, VAX)
The version indicator in the file format allows up to
ten varieties of files to be read and written by the
low-level data handling routines. Only version 0 is
presently supported.
The rows containing the data follow. Each row is
associated with the time that the data were recorded
in the data collection platform at the Gold Spring
site. The first column is the date, the second the
time, and the others indicate the measured values
obtained from the sensors. Columns are delimited
using spaces.
Meaning of columns, in order:
01. Date expressed as a FIPS 5-digit date in the
format yyddd where yy is the last two digits of the
year, and ddd is the 3-digit number for day of the
year, 0 to 365 (0 to 366 in leap years).
02. Time expressed as a FIPS 4-digit time in the
format hhmm where hh indicates hours and mm minutes
since midnight, using a 24-hour clock.
03. Relative humidity expressed as percent (0 to 100).
04. Precipitation in inches--cumulative yearly.
05. Barometric pressure in inches of mercury.
06. Wind direction in degrees.
07. Average wind speed measured at 6.1 m height in mph.
08. Peak gust measured at 6.1 m height in mph.
09. Average wind speed measured at 2.7 m height in mph.
10. Average wind speed measured at 1.2 m height in mph.
11. Peak gust measured at 1.2 m height in mph.
12. Air temperature measured at 6.1 m height in
degrees Celsius.
13. Air temperature measured at 1.2 m height in
degrees Celsius.
14. Soil temperature measured at 12.7 cm depth in
degrees Celsius.
15. Soil temperature measured at 10 cm depth in
degrees Celsius.
16. Soil temperature measured at 20 cm depth in
degrees Celsius.
Missing values are indicated by blank space where the
number should be, by the number -99.00, or by the
number -77.00.
Format_Information_Content:
Daily records of Gold Spring GEOMET station data from
19791027 through 19921231
Transfer_Size: 106 megabytes
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Offline_Option:
Offline_Media: CD-ROM
Recording_Format: ISO 9660
Fees: unknown
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 19950512
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Peter N. Schweitzer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address:
Mail Stop 918 National Center
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
City: Reston
State_or_Province: VA
Postal_Code: 20192
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (703) 648-6533
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (703) 648-6560
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pschweitzer@usgs.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name:
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: 19940608